The Philosophy in West (oleh: Dudi)

After Aristotle and other the students of other master of great philosophies, continue the role and the task of great philosophers such as Socrates,plato,Aristotle,etc and was spreading the philosophical thought, and there was movement to Alexandria, and there was a period in which roman emperor which had embrace Christianity and stop philosophical discussion, lecture, school and university because they felt it is against their faith or they just wanted to show to pope that they are loyal to the pope.

    
   

In the 6th century, there was ban for philosophical movement and discussion and this continue about one thousand years, and these long period is called medieval ages, this is the period in which the church a total control and total power in Europe and whenever they felt some philosophical ideas or scientific ideas that’s not fit in understanding by their faith/bible, they were very extreme in prosecuting them, like Galileo, etc.

And it made philosophical and scientific ideas declined, In this period, some people called it dark ages, there were many good ideas.

•  Fideisme: against rationality for knowing God/menolak argumentasi akal dalam memahami Tuhan
•  Renee Descartes (the father of modernity); the idea of foundationalism means u first build some foundation for knowledge and open other science depend on the foundation knowledge, his conclusion is doubt, he said that u can doubt about everything but u can’t doubt about doubt, and the most basic thing is that doubt therefore I am / I think I must be there (cogito ergo sum), because I have doubt therefore I am, and because I have doubt therefore I must be there, he cause much more interest in philosophy and rationalism and of the father of rationalism in 17th century and adopted by Leibniz and Spinoza, they can discover the truth based on rationalism
• Descartes/foundationalism same like mathematical

• Other group is emerge in England against rationalism and support experimentalism , the name of these people are William auccum, francis bacon, Thomas hobbes, john lock, Berkeley and David Hume(all British)  (potentially get influence from industrial revolution in England) they totally against rationality, they thing can’t get certainty about metaphysical issues but they still believe in mathematics and some, these people still believe cant have know metaphysical issues prior experiences, the whole issues was whether possible to have priora preposition or not, these people in priora analytic knowledge exist in mathematics and logic, but for metaphysic just priora synthetic (it means that predict  gives something more than included in the subject of the preposition)
• John lock before Hume , although we can’t prove existence of substance by experiment, but I suppose the existence of substance
• But  when we come to David Hume, he denied the existence of substance or something we can’t know by experiment, and he denied causality, he just said that there are two things/ideas connected each other in our mind (vice versa)

•  IMMANUEL KANT, influence whole western philosophy, I was sleeping and hume was awaken me from my dogmatic (neglectian) , kant known as critical philosophy , KANT said that there are categories inside in our understanding not from outside, for example he said Causality is from inside , Dr Shomalis said is more dangerous because there is know reality in outside, objective knowledge didn’t mean can correspondent from the reality outside but just eco-work of my mind and the reality outside (nomena and phenomena’something look to us but not name the outside’) kant have the idea we can have metaphysic,moral,theology and he idea was we must use knowledge of our mind to distinguish by our practical reason/intellect, he believes God but none of these can’t understand by theoretical reason but by practical reason.
• History of philosophy in the west in 18-19 century
• Immanuel Kant was very influential, in the late 18th century they were group of german philosophy like schelling and they found some weaknesses about Immanuel Kant.
• 1. They started from issues of unity to multiplicity
• 2. romantic philosophy (ficht and schelling) there some points in kant philosophy very interesting for them, but there are some weak point, and so they try to supplement the weak point of kant philosoph; 1. They support it in general, 2. They try to discuss how to explain the multiplicity from unity.

•  They were call romantic philosopher (all of them are German) , Ficht : 1. Very interesting that kant believe in free-will (is necessary) and we must prove it by practical not theoretical, 2. He impress about kant idea is about morality, practical reason, independent  and autonomous state, and Ficht was following the same line and because he impress the free will , he becomes extreme he said that the theoretical reason looks at everything in fix and determine way look as the nature the determine is necessary and we must the establish the world view in which freedom in which possibility of different story of same even should be accommodate, he makes the whole world/nature subordinate to EGO (HUMAN-SELF/HUMAN EYENESS) the world is necessary and independent from our free will, and it has very important.
• This interest in free will because the romantic to believe the fundamentality of human body and spirit which in a sense to acceptable (fundamental) to other but not their mind, spirit is fundamental and even the relation to the nature.
• These people had idea of course after renaissance no one philosophers could dominate all Europe (just partial)
• The romantic philosopher could survive so much but influence HEGEL.

•  HEGEL inspired Karl Marx and Engel
• HEGEL was impress  by the Kant and Romantic philosopher, so the spirit is very fundamental that a whole world is nothing other than the absolute spirit and this idea and thought, all those ideas existing in the mind of absolute spirit , the relations between those ideas is not causal relations but logical relations, for example the concept is the part of other concepts or for example this preposisition  leads the other preposisition, or if u put it in the premises together it comes to the third preposisition (LOGICAL RELATIONS), but the world outside is causal relations but the logical inside us/our mind to help us to know the causal relations in outside, this is the idea of objective idealism (they believe world not just an illusion or nothing but they believe everything outside is real) but they presented idealistic form of objectivity, this called objective idealism, Hegel Said everything in spiritual world is started from simple to complicated, from general to specific, from unity to multiple/multiplicity, the very underline of HEGEL is the existence of BEING.
• The opposite of this concept is the concept of NOTHINGNESS
• So it makes the THESIS (Being) and Anti-Thesis (Nothingness) and it becomes the third as synthesis (everything the world is from this forma/idealistic/triadic process/dialectic).
•  But there is still lack idea of hegel.

• In 19th century there was POSITIVISM, there was a French philosopher, he is the father of sociology August Comte, He very much interested in empiricism, he believes that human history was weakness by three stages.
• 1. A stage/period in which people very interested in theology and finding supernatural causes for everything.
• 2.after the first was the philosophical stage, they look for metaphysical/philosophical causes (for example substance and accident)
• 3. The scientific explanation , we were not much interested explaining WHY but HOW, How rains come, etc, and He believe that this is the last stage (SCIENTIFIC) , and the time for religion and philosophy is over, it’s time only have scientific, and idea just experimental ideas (sensual data)
• So if u want to know sociology or economic u must only based upon experimental knowledge (sensual data), but he said positivism itself can be consider a religion, religion it serves human being, original forma humanism, he talks himself as the messenger of his idea, even they build some temples to worship human being.
• But august comte get many critics, the relations between religion, philosophy and science is not parallel.
•  In general we can say there were two main common in west in this period;

• 1. Rationalist, and 2.Empiricist
• 1. The famous person for Rationalist is Hegel, 2.the famous person for Empiricist is August Comte.
• Some Hegelians who denied the existence of God but most rationalist accepts believing in God, and empiricist doesn’t believe about God and doubt or even denied about something that five senses can’t get, like spiritual and God.
• There have been two reactions for the objective idealism of Hegel.
• First is Suren Kierkegaard (Danish Cleric) for the first time initiative to establishment of existentialism, He had the idea that Hegelian philosophy believe in free-will and the freedom spirit was deviated from its own original way because it’s denied freedom, everything is only one or another idea the mind of the spirit, and whole process of history is fix, there is no way to exercise your free-will, Kierkegaard want to split the idea of Hegel and he formed Phenomenology  and Existentialism, without relations with God, a Man is not a true man.
• But there are two existentialist; 1.theis existentialist and 2.atheist existentialist
• The atheistic are Heidegger and Sartre.
• The second reaction for Hegel was initiated by Karl Marx (Jewish German), he took something from Hegel and Feuerbach.
• The idea of Marx took from Hegel is logic of Dialectic and also he took fundamentality of History from Hegel but He took materialism and denial God from FEURBACH this called Marxism , everything is based on OPPOSITION and the most factor in Human Life/logos is Economy and Economical relations, u can explain everything from economy
• Human society goes from original communism and the communism, the west had to weakness capitalism, socialism, and communism (no private, no ownership, no need having a state) but the story of the west disprove it, and he also wrong to predict the place for communism even very capitalistic, and the whole communist bloc are collapsed has caused lack of interest in Marxism but still some of people still believe it.

• And at the end just on school of philosophy which belong to 21st century is Pragmatism in USA, the Icon is William James (the founder) pragmatism; nothing is true except it works, except had practical use, true just if have something beneficial for practical use, dor example if God is useful for us therefore true and this case same for science.
• They reduce truth and falsity usefulness and uselessness and they impress by David Hume, they focus emphasize on the spiritual/religious experiences and believe in God.
• In general after renaissance there was no predominant of philosophy.

• This is totally different from Islam world, in Islam is in the same line.(will be continued to Islam's Philosophy)